On this page, I keep an updated list of research that describes dark patterns. Dark patterns are interface design tricks that navigate people's decision-making by steering, coercing, or deceiving them into actions they would not necessarily engage in if they knew the consequences.
I've used this list for my studies and would like to share it with everyone interested in this topic. Each group of dark patterns is provided the reference to its original source. To stay inline with the original definitions, the provided descriptions are either taken exactly from or worded very closely to their original work and can be found when following the reference links. Where readily available, I also took over visual examples with references. All credit to the amazing work these researchers have put into this effort. For examples, I either used original sources from the respective publications or, where not available, sourced or created different examples. Where applicable, I provide original sources for examples used here. In certain instances, the example between two different dark patterns may be the same. Often, context-specific dark patterns describe different elements of similar scenarios.
The referred work differs in their applied methods and chosen terminologies. Some refer to dark pattern types, some described strategies, and others again defined techniques. Here, I made an attempt to visually distinguish between two categories: high-level strategies and low-level types (often domain-specific). The fewer high-level strategies have only have outlines to aesthetically highlight them.
In 2024, together with my amazing friends and colleagues
Colin M. Gray,
Cristiana Santos, and
Nataliia Bielova,
we have synthesised even more dark patterns into a
dark pattern ontology.
If you are interested, read the paper (published at CHI '24) here. We will also keep an updated website.